Building an Energy-Efficient House (Part 1)

The first consideration when building a new house from scratch is the direction in which it faces. The front of the house (where most of the windows are) should face within 15 degrees towards true (not magnetic) north. The ideal shape for a house is rectangular, with the long (east-west) axis 1.6 times the length of the short axis. Place the main windows along the north side, keeping the windows on the south and east sides to a minimum. Avoid locating any windows along the west wall. 

The immediate surroundings of the house will have an effect on the micro-climate indoors and outdoors. Nearby hills may shorten the hours of sunlight. Hills to the west are advantageous in summer; those to the north will make the environment cooler in winter. The bottom of a valley is cooler than the sides of the surrounding hills, and it is more protected from strong winds.

Vegetation is important in moderating the micro-climate of a house. Deciduous  trees (or a grape vine on a pergola) planted to the north and east sides will shade the building during the summer and allow the sun to penetrate in winter, when the trees are bare. Plant evergreens to the west; and grow vines and creepers on the outside walls, to hold a layer of air against the house, thus minimizing heat transfer. But avoid creepers and vines from damaging the woodwork and brickwork -- creepers can sneak in, lifting roofs and windows and causing rot.

Along the coastal areas, a pond or dam located near the side of the house facing the prevailing wind will help cool air reaching the building. In colder climates, an earthen bank can be built and used to shield the house from the winter winds. 

Energy-efficient houses (in hot or in cold climates) dug into the side of a hill have much more comfortable temperature underground. The living areas should be located on the north side where the big picture windows are. The bedrooms, bathroom, and laundry should be located on the south side. The kitchen should be located where it is most convenient, and where one can see the best view. 

Source: Richardson, Michael. Your own resources. Reed, Sydney, 1991.